Documents 

La visite au zoo est souvent associée à l'enfance et nul doute qu'une poignée de vocations sont nées là, au détour d'une allée, face aux lions ou dans l'intimité des loups...

Rois et princes ont très tôt souhaité posséder d'étranges et exotiques créatures à l'abri de leurs palais. La ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, créée en 1794, sous la Convention, est un lieu où l'on vient découvrir les merveilles de la nature. Avec le zoo de Londres, ouvert au grand public en 1847, la machine est lancée et ne s'arrêtera plus ! L'émergence de ce nouveau loisir permet à toutes les catégories sociales de venir se délasser et s'émerveiller devant les prodiges de la Création. Peu à peu, les consciences s'éveillent et le zoo devient à la fois un jalon et un relais dans le grand mouvement de la protection de la faune sauvage. Les zoos du monde entier travaillent à enrayer un processus que d'aucuns pensent inexorable et incarnent ainsi un formidable message d'espoir...

Abondamment illustré, cet ouvrage retrace l'histoire de ces lieux singuliers où l'homme côtoie le monde et tente de mieux le comprendre. De nombreux documents inédits, issus de collections publiques ou privées, conservés parfois par de grandes institutions zoologiques en Asie ou en Occident, racontent une histoire singulière en contrepoint des photographies de Christophe Raynaud de Lage, un regard exceptionnel sur l'univers du jardin zoologique où la mémoire est toujours imprégnée d'une vision contemporaine.

Aujourd'hui, plusieurs centaines de millions de personnes dans le monde fréquentent régulièrement ou ponctuellement les allées d'un zoo... [résumé de l'éditeur]

Throughout the 19th century, animals were integrated into staged scenarios of confrontation, ranging from lion acts in small cages to large-scale re-enactments of war. Initially presenting a handful of exotic animals, travelling menageries grew to contain multiple species in their thousands. These 19th-century menageries entrenched beliefs about the human right to exploit nature through war-like practices against other animal species. Animal shows became a stimulus for antisocial behaviour as locals taunted animals, caused fights, and even turned into violent mobs. Human societal problems were difficult to separate from issues of cruelty to animals.

Apart from reflecting human capacity for fighting and aggression, and the belief in human dominance over nature, these animal performances also echoed cultural fascination with conflict, war and colonial expansion, as the grand spectacles of imperial power reinforced state authority and enhanced public displays of nationhood and nationalistic evocations of colonial empires.

Fighting Nature is an insightful analysis of the historical legacy of 19th-century colonialism, war, animal acquisition and transportation. This legacy of entrenched beliefs about the human right to exploit other animal species is yet to be defeated.

The animal entertainment industry includes different practices. Some consist in torturing an animal to death, as in bullfighting and countless other popular traditions, while others involve watching an animal in captivity, which can be another form of torture. Perhaps the most profitable practice is forcing very intelligent animals to perform the same routine several times daily in zoos and aquariums containing marine mammals, or in circuses containing terrestrial mammals. These businesses then present the animals in whatever way that makes the practice appear less immoral, claim to have education and conservation as their mission, and present their entertainment businesses as altruistic charities. Disseminating their misleading discourse is unethical.

Wild animals have always been an indispensable part of circus around the world. This chapter traces their trajectory from the ‘wild’ to the ‘submissive’. It also discusses in detail the attitudes of the colonial and post-colonial states towards animals in general and the changes over the period in relation to circus animals. This section examines such statist double standards focusing at the ban of wild animals in Indian circus by the environment ministry, which proved to be fatal to both circus people and the animals. This chapter also explores how the present ‘conservation’ ideas excludes and thus jeopardizes certain historical practices of animal taming, training, and performance.